Key
Sprawdź się
1. Powrót
1. She said, "There aren't any tickets left."
2. "I don't understand the instruction," Lynn told me.
3. He said, "I never planned to be a teacher."
4. Chloe said, "I left my luggage on the train."
5. Mr Bright said, "I am moving to the suburbs."
6. "I am very upset by her remarks," Bob told me.
7. He said, "I met her yesterday."
8. "Put the key here," Jacky told me.
9. Mark said, "I will never give up."
10. Andrew said, "My new book is coming out this month."
11. "I am sorry for my behaviour," Brian told me.
12. Vince said, "I used to smoke like a chimney."
13. He said, "The flyover is scheduled to be completed in May."
14. "You need to start exercising," the doctor told me.
15. She said, "I won't object."
2. Powrót
1. He told me that he would drop by the next day.
2. She asked me what I had done.
3. He said that I was looking wonderful that day.
4. He asked whether he could call me back.
5. She said that the ring was beautiful.
6. She said that she didn't have a clue.
7. He told me that he had met Jack in a DIY store.
8. She said that she hadn't enjoyed the performance.
9. He said that they had missed the bus by 10 minutes.
10. She said that I had no reason to be angry.
11. He agreed to go first.
12. She promised not to tell my secret to anyone.
13. He said that it was really bad.
14. She said that she liked it there.
15. He advised me to cut down on coffee.
Ćwiczenia
1. Powrót
1. "Who's calling, please?" he asked.
2. "I am not a child!" she exclaimed.
3. "Shh, not so loud," she whispered.
4. "My left shoulder hurts terribly," he complained.
5. "Go away!" she exclaimed.
6. "I will get you out of this," he promised.
7. "Yes, I cheated in the exam," she admitted.
8. "I didn't say that," he denied.
9. "They will get here in time," he assured me.
10. "Green tea cools the body," she explained.
2. Powrót
1-j 2-e 3-i 4-b 5-d 6-g 7-f 8-a 9-c 10-h
3. Powrót
1. He reminded me that it was her birthday.
2. She replied that she hadn't heard anything.
3. He assured me that it would be easy.
4. The desk clerk informed me that there were no rooms.
5. He admitted that he offended them.
6. The teacher explained that/to us that Islam doesn't allow extra-marital relationships.
7. Zdanie poprawne
8. Zdanie poprawne
9. Zdanie poprawne
10. Zdanie poprawne
4. Powrót
a) 1-d 2-e 3-a 4-c 5-b
b) 1-c 2-e 3-a 4-b 5-d
5. Powrót
1-h 2-e 3-c 4-g 5-b 6-d 7-f 8-a
6. Powrót
Mowa niezależna
Present Simple
Present Continuous
Present Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Mowa zależna
Past Simple
Past Continuous
Past Perfect
Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect Continuous
bez zmian
7. Powrót
1. She said that it was a gorgeous room.
2. Beth said that I spoke English very well.
3. Alice said that she hadn't talked to him yet.
4. Bob said that it looked frightening.
5. Jim said that she was a very talented lawyer.
6. Philip said that he was not trying to offend anyone.
7. Amy said that she was a babysitter.
8. He said that he would try the following day.
9. She said that she would wash the dishes.
10. Tom said that he wouldn't repeat the mistake.
11. Tim said that she was very kind.
12. Mark said that it hadn't happened like that.
13. Katy said that she would do whatever it takes.
14. Grace said that she wouldn't say a word.
15. Greg said that he had been trying to call me.
8. Powrót
1. She said that she loves mountains/that she loved mountains.
2. She said that he is always late/was always late.
3. He said that he has never heard about it/had never heard about it.
4. She said that she hates Mondays/hated Mondays.
5. He said that she is getting better/was getting better.
6. She said that it will cost me a fortune/would cost me a fortune.
7. She said that he is always blaming her for things she didn't do/was always blaming her for things she hadn't done.
8. He said that he is sick and tired of it/was sick and tired of it.
9. She said that he won't be missed/wouldn't be missed.
10. He said that she doesn't want to be an accountant/didn't want to be an accountant.
11. She said that her son doesn't believe in Santa Claus/ didn't believe in Santa Claus.
12. He said that Beth never gets angry about anything/never got angry about anything.
13. She said that Mrs Right often borrows things from them/often borrowed things from them.
14. He said that his sister is a very reasonable girl/was a very reasonable girl.
15. She said that live in Twin Oaks/lived in Twin Oaks.
9. Powrót
2. But you said that you hate/hated spinach.
3. But you said that she is/was only a friend.
4. But you said that you cannot/couldn't dance.
5. But you said that you have/had never eaten Thai food.
6. But you said that you are/were going on a business trip.
7. But you said that you love/loved all animals.
8. But you said that he is/was your next-door neighbour.
9. But you said that you don't/didn't speak foreign languages.
10. But you said that you are/were a Tory.
10. Powrót
1. She said that I must be over 21 to hire a car.
2. He said that she must be seeing things.
3. She said that he must be mad.
4. He advised me to think twice/He said that I ought to think twice.
5. She said that he couldn't find common ground with some people/She said he hadn't been able to find common ground with some people.
6. He said that she could wear whatever she wanted/He said that she was allowed to wear whatever she wanted.
7. She said that I mustn't let anyone use it.
8. He said that he would like to see me again.
9. She said that I needn't/didn't need/didn't have to go to all that trouble.
10. He said that she used to work as a housekeeper.
11. She said that he should be indicted.
12. He advised/urged/encouraged me to quit smoking.
13. She asked me to clean the house.
14. He said that she must/had to talk to me.
15. She said that she might succeed in convincing him.
11. Powrót
1. The nurse told me that she would take my blood pressure.
2. The Prime Minister said that he would discuss the surge of violence in Baghdad.
3. The teacher told me that I might be suffering from dysgraphia.
4. The judge told her that she mustn't speak to the jury/wasn't to speak to the jury.
5. The traffic cop said that he could take me to jail for driving too fast.
6. The car mechanic said that I didn't have to/didn't need to change the air filter.
7. The actor said that he used to live in a poor area of London.
8. The secretary said that she could type 30 words a minute.
12. Powrót
1. (that) the prescription expired the day before.
2. (that) you should call the doctor to renew it.
3. (that) he had noticed my hard work.
4. (that) I would find something extra in my paycheck.
5. (that) he would rather get married in Vegas.
6. (that) she might drop in for a chat.
13. Powrót
1. at the time
2. there
3. five minutes later
4. the year before/the previous day
5. the following summer
6. then/at that time/immediately
7. two days before/two days earlier
8. those days
9. that evening
10. that day
11. the next day/the following day
12. the following night
13. that night
14. two years before
15. the day before/the previous day
14. Powrót
1. She said that it was very easy.
2. He said that they were very good questions.
3. She said that she had enjoyed the book.
4. He said that they were quite comfortable too.
5. She said that she had bought them for herself.
6. He said that it was a real war.
7. She said that they were the good old days.
8. He said that the roses were for her.
15. Powrót
1. Bob said that he had met my parents.
2. Katy said that they had bought a new camera.
3. Tim said that he'd like me to meet his girlfriend.
4. Jerry said that their car had a flat tyre.
5. Paul said that he bet my laptop was heavier than his.
6. Sue said that her job was stressing her out.
7. Jack said that no company was better than theirs.
16. Powrót
a)
He said that they were in Greece, that they were staying at the Attica Hotel. He told Beth that it was absolutely fantastic. He said that the rooms were very clean and the staff were friendly. He said that nothing was too much trouble. He said that they couldn't have asked for better accommodation. He mentioned that their room overlooked the sea so it was wonderful to watch the sun rise and set. He added that the food was excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. Finally, he said that he would call Beth again on Saturday. He asked her to say hello to Mike from Kate and him.
b)
He told Beth that they were a bit tired of their room. He admitted that it was clean, but he grumbled that it was very small. He said that there was no place to keep their suitcases. He complained that the bathroom was also tiny. He said that after the second night he had called the reception desk to request a room change, but he had been told that the hotel was overbooked and a room change wasn't an option. He continued saying that they were planning on checking out the next day. He asked Beth to say hello to Mike from them.
17. Powrót
1. She queried what had happened.
2. He asked whether everything was all right.
3. She asked whether that would be all.
4. He wondered what I was talking about.
5. She wanted to know how long I was staying.
6. He asked me what I was going to do.
7. She inquired how much it cost.
8. He asked me what I had done to my hair.
9. She asked me what was wrong with me.
10. He wondered who I was.
11. She wanted to know what I wanted to become: a doctor or a lawyer.
12. He asked me what my boss was like.
13. She wanted to know what I was doing.
14. He queried how I knew his name.
15. She queried what I had learnt.
18. Powrót
1. He invited me to join them.
2. She asked me if I would be her friend.
3. He told me to go immediately.
4. She told me to answer the questions.
5. He offered me a cup of coffee.
6. She implored me/begged me to recommend her.
7. He ordered me to be serious.
8. She asked me to take her home.
9. He asked me to wait for him.
10. He told her to stop staring at him.
11. She asked him to turn off the radio.
12. He told me to give her his regards.
13. She begged me to let her go.
14. He implored me to help him out.
15. She ordered them to behave themselves.
19. Powrót
1. She asked me whether I would like to be self employed.
2. He asked me if I had got a light.
3. She wondered whether I could trust him.
4. He asked me whether I was sure I wanted to know.
5. She wanted to know if our neighbour was a bully.
6. He queried whether there was any way out.
7. She asked me if I often skipped breakfast.
8. He asked whether she had really changed.
9. She asked if they had kept their promises.
10. He wondered if there was any problem.
11. She wanted to know if he still worked there.
12. He asked if I approved of the ban on beer advertising.
20. Powrót
1. What time is it?
2. Will you come?
3. Will you do me a favour?
4. What are you doing here?
5. What do you want for your birthday?
21. Powrót
1-a 2-a 3-c 4-b 5-c
6. Is it your car?
7. Can you speak Spanish?
8. Do you know anything about it?
9. Can I call back for further information?
10. Are you taking your pills?
22. Powrót
1. would buy
2. were
3. didn't
4. was
5. were
6. should go
7. would be
8. wasn't
9. included
10. ran
11. had
12. was
13. expired
14. he could buy
15. could buy
23. Powrót
1. how the weather was
2. how she was
3. whether there was any way out
4. why she fought with him
5. how he liked it
6. whether he was hungry
7. where I wanted to go
24. Powrót
Sugerowane odpowiedzi.
1. They advised me to stay at home.
2. Mike asked me to wait a moment.
3. She demanded that I (should) keep an eye on him.
4. Jack forbade me to think about it.
5. Simon asked me to calm down and listen carefully.
6. Mark told me not to be afraid.
7. She told me not to lose hope.
8. Helen warned me not to expect much.
9. Dave told me to leave him alone.
10. Alice offered me to drink more red wine.
11. Tom told me not to make him laugh.
12. Roger implored me to call him back.
13. He asked me to answer the phone.
14. Jane warned me not to stick my head out of the window.
15. My mother reminded me to be honest and always tell the truth.
16. Paul advised me to take it easy.
17. Beth advised me to apply a hot compress.
18. The doctor told me to stay in bed.
19. Ally told me to keep my opinions to myself.
20. Chris advised me to take the car to a mechanic.
25. Powrót
2. Staff are not to use the phone for personal calls.
3. Staff are to wear badges.
4. Staff are not to accept cash gifts.
5. Staff are not to leave their valuables unattended.
6. Staff are to report any act of vandalism.
7. Staff are to smoke in designated areas only.
8. Staff are to park their cars in the main car park.
9. Staff are not to discuss any job-related issues with anyone.
10. Staff are to attend appropriate training courses.
26. Powrót
1. The teacher told us to pay attention.
2. The teacher told us not to speak Polish.
3. The teacher told us not to talk.
4. The teacher told us to be quiet.
5. The teacher told us to open our books.
6. The teacher told us not to copy other students' work.
7. The teacher told us to write a story about our best friend.
8. The teacher told us to take out our pens.
9. The teacher told us not to forget our homework.
10. The teacher told us to put our hands if we wanted to speak.
27. Powrót
1. He told Alfa to lie down.
2. He told Alfa to jump up.
3. He told Alfa to fetch.
4. He told Alfa not to bark.
5. He told Alfa to shake.
6. He told Alfa to go up.
7. He told Alfa to heel.
8. He told Alfa to roll over.
28. Powrót
1) The narrator said that the Hare had been/was once boasting of his speed before the other animals.
2) The Hare said that he had never been beaten and
3) he challenged any one there to race with him.
4) The Tortoise replied that he accepted his challenge.
5) The Hare retorted that it was a good joke adding that
6) he could dance round him all the way.
7) The Tortoise told him to keep his boasting till he had been beaten and
8) suggested racing/a race.
9) After the Tortoise won the race, he told the Hare that plodding wins/won the race.
29. Powrót
a)
The psychiatrist asked the patient what his problem was.
The patient answered that he thought he was a chicken.
The psychiatrist wanted to know how long it had been going on.
The patient replied that ever since he had been an egg.
b)
The man exclaimed that he could hardly believe his eyes adding that it was the smartest dog he had even seen.
The friend replied that that the dog wasn't so smart, that he had beaten him three games out off five.
c)
The first cow said that the mad-cow disease was really pretty scary adding that she had heard it had hit some cows down on the Johnson Farm.
The other cow replied that she wasn't worried because it didn't affect them ducks.
30. Powrót
1. She exclaimed that it smelled terrible.
She gave an exclamation of disgust.
2. He exclaimed that they had made it.
He gave an exclamation of relief.
3. She exclaimed that he dadn't know that.
She gave an exclamation of surprise.
4. He exclaimed that I looked wonderful.
He gave an exclamation of wonder.
5. She exclaimed that it tasted awful.
She gave an exclamation of disgust.
6. He exclaimed that it was great.
He gave an exclamation of wonder.
7. She exclaimed that it was true.
She gave an exclamation of surprise.
8. He exclaimed that he couldn't find his glasses.
He gave an exclamation of anger/annoyance.
9. She exclaimed that it hurt.
She gave an exclamation of pain.
10. She exclaimed that she had locked her keys inside.
She gave an expression of annoyance/pity.
31. Powrót
1-b 2-c 3-a 4-f 5-d 6-e
32. Powrót
1. He asked her if she would help him and she answered him that she would.
2. She asked him whether he had phoned Mark and he answered that he had.
3. They asked me whether I was tired and I answered that I wasn't.
4. He asked her if she could drive and she answered that she couldn't.
5. I asked her if he was a sports fan and she answered that he was.
33. Powrót
Sugerowane odpowiedzi.
1. She asked how I liked her new glasses adding that she had bought them at Harrods.
2. He said that I looked very tired and wanted to know what was wrong.
3. She asked if Jack was in adding that she had to talk to him.
4. He asked me if I had talked to her and wanted to know what she was like.
5. She invited me in and asked what she could do for me.
6. He told me to be quiet adding that he was trying to sleep.
7. She asked me if she could use my mobile adding that she needed to call her boss.
8. He asked her what she was doing there adding that she should be on the plane then.
9. She asked if I had taken the test and wanted to know what my score was.
10. He said that they were going to the cinema that night and asked me to join them.
34. Powrót
1. She told me to contact John as he would give me more information.
2. He told me to see the doctor as he would put my mind at rest.
3. He asked whether they would get married adding that he hoped they would.
4. He asked me whether I had heard his album adding that it was amazing.
5. He asked me to tell him the time as he would have to leave at 8.
6. She offered me some coffee as it would do me good.
7. He advised me to take an aspirin as it would kill the pain.
8. She suggested that he take a jacket as it was cold and windy.
9. She encouraged me to get rid of him as he was after my money.
10. He asked me how she was adding that he hoped she was doing well.
35. Powrót
1. She said if she had been me, she would have demanded a refund.
2. He said if he had more time, he would read more.
3. She said that if she hadn't met him, she wouldn't have set up a business.
4. He said that if she apologised, he would forgive her.
5. She said that if he insisted, she wouldn't disagree.
6. He said that if she hadn't overslept, she would have been on the plane.
7. She said that is he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have had the accident.
8. He said that if she came, he wouldn't tease her.
9. She said that if they had let them know, they would have picked them up from the airport.
10. He said that if she had been more passionate, he would have voted for her.
36. Powrót
1. She said that if she had been Angelina Jolie, she would have been a movie star.
2. ... she would have lived in a mansion.
3. ... she would have hired twenty maids.
4. ... she would have been a philanthropist.
5. ... she wouldn't have been doing the job.
6. ... she would have had a handsome husband.
7. ... she would have done plenty of TV interviews.
8. ... she would have had a big collection of shoes.
9. ... she wouldn't have agreed to strip off her clothes for love scenes.
10. ... she would have demanded ten million dollars to star in a film.
37. Powrót
Sugerowana relacja.
He said that he didn't want to discuss the decision further. He said the rules are as they are and are not about to change. He added that he meant his previous remark.
38. Powrót
Sugerowana relacja.
She said that Garbage was playing in her town the previous weekend. She said it had been the first time she had seen them live. She had a great time there and so did the crowd of 60 thousand. She said the concert was worth the money she had paid for it.
39. Powrót
Sugerowane odpowiedzi.
a) The service manual says that if you detect anything unusual about the printer, you should turn it off.
b) He told me how to get to the city centre.
c) She showed me how to use the copy machine.
d) They wished me all the best.
e) She said that she had bought some dairy products and sweets.
f) He said that they required thread-starters to provide an answer to their question first.
40. Powrót
1. She accused me of taking the money.
2. She boasted of being able to read 1000 words a minute.
3. He complained about my behaviour.
4. He reminded me about sending Beth a birthday card.
5. She asked me about my husband.
6. He moaned about having to work at weekends.
7. She told me about her grandchildren.
8. He confessed to cheating on me.
9. She criticised me for not working hard enough.
10. He apologised for his behaviour.
1.1 Interpunkcja w mowie niezależnej
W języku angielskim znaki cudzysłowu są zawsze na górze, natomiast w języku polskim pierwszy znak jest na dole, a drugi na górze.
Według polskiej interpunkcji kropkę stawia się po ostatnim znaku cudzysłowie, zaś w języku angielskim – przed.
Zwróćmy uwagę na interpunkcję: gdy zaczynamy od wyrażenia wprowadzającego relację.
W języku angielskim po frazie wprowadzającej stawiamy przecinek, natomiast w języku polskim dwukropek.
She said, "I trust you." Powiedziała: "Ufam ci".
Jeżeli wyrażenie wprowadzające relację znajduje się po zdaniu przytoczonym, wedle angielskiej interpunkcji, przecinek stawiamy po zdaniu i przed drugim znakiem cudzysłowu, zgodnie z polskimi zasadami po znaku przytoczenia umieszczamy myślnik.
"I trust you," she said. "Ufam ci" – powiedziała.
1.2. Czasowniki wprowadzające
Say i tell to podstawowe czasowniki wprowadzające w mowie zależnej i niezależnej.
W mowie niezależnej
say stosuje się bez dopełnienia lub – rzadziej – z dopełnieniem poprzedzonym słowem
to, np.:
She said that ... Powiedziała, że ...
He said to me that ... Powiedział mi, że ...
Tell wymaga użycia dopełnienia, np.:
He told me that ... Powiedział mi, że ...
Say i
tell można także użyć z bezokolicznikiem.
The doctor said to take a few days off. Lekarz powiedział, żeby wziąć parę dni wolnego.
He told me to stay away from her. Powiedział mi, żebym się trzymał od niej z dala.
Czasownik
say stosuje się nie tylko wtedy, kiedy relacjonujemy czyjąś wypowiedź, ale również gdy przekazujemy wiadomość zapisaną, np.:
The report says that over 850 million people are undernourished. Raport informuje, że ponad 850 milionów ludzi jest niedożywionych.
The label says that the shirt was made in China. Metka mówi, że koszula została wyprodukowana w Chinach.
The timetable says that the bus will arrive at 8:15. Rozkład jazdy informuje, że autobus przyjedzie o 8.15.
The letter says that Paul is staying in Miami. List informuje, że Paul przebywa w Miami.
W mowie niezależnej
say wprowadza zdanie albo następuje po nim, np.:
She said, "I want to go home." Powiedziała: "Chcę iść do domu".
"I want to go home," she said. "Chcę iść do domu" – powiedziała.
"I am sleepy," Greg said. "Jestem śpią cy" – powiedział Greg.
Tell w mowie niezależnej występuje tylko w pozycji po zdaniu przytoczonym, np.:
"By all means," Beth told me. "Ależ oczywiście" – powiedziała mi Beth.
"Please, don't touch the exhibits," the curator told us. "Proszę nie dotykać eksponatów" – powiedział nam kustosz.
Do innych czasowników wprowadzających należą m.in.:
to admit (that) przyznać
to answer that odpowiadać
to argue that spierać się, argumentować
to assure + dopełnienie (that) zapewniać
to claim (that) przekonywać, twierdzić
to complain (that) narzekać
to deny (that) zaprzeczać
to exclaim that wykrzyknąć
to explain that tłumaczyć
to inform + dopełnienie (that) informować
to insist (that) nalegać
to moan (that) narzekać
to promise (that) obiecywać
to protest (that) protestować
to remind + dopełnienie (that) przypominać
to reply that odpowiadać
to mention (that) wspominać, wzmiankować
to grumble that narzekać
to speculate that spekulować
to warn + dopełnienie (that) ostrzegać
to convince + dopełnienie (that) przekonywać
to notify + dopełnienie + that informować
jak również wyrazy pierwotnie oznaczające głosy zwierząt (mogą zawierać element negatywnej oceny)
to snarl warknąć, burknąć, mówić opryskliwie
to roar ryknąć
to grunt burknąć, mruknąć
to bark warknąć
to growl warknąć, ryknąć
"I very much doubt it," she replied. "Bardzo w to wątpię" – odpowiedziała.
"I will get you out of this," he promised. "Wyciągnę cię z tego" – obiecał.
"Lord, is that the time!" she exclaimed. "Boże, to już ta godzina!" – wykrzyknęła.
"The court has rejected your request," he notified me. "Sąd odrzucił twoją prośbę" – powiadomił mnie.
"My phone bills are too high," she grumbled. "Moje rachunki telefoniczne są zbyt wysokie" – narzekała.
"I am guilty," he admitted. "Jestem winny" – przyznał.
"It is a non-governmental organisation," she explained. "To jest organizacja pozarządowa" – wytłumaczyła.
"It won't do any good," he protested. "To nie przyniesie niczego dobrego" – protestował.
"Hubba-hubba is an old-fashioned word," she argued. "Hubba-hubba jest przestarzałym słowem" – argumentowała.
"Get out of my way!" he barked. "Zejdź mi z drogi!" – warknął.
"Go to hell!" he roared. "Idź do diabła!" – ryknął.
Po większości powyższych czasowników spójnik that może być pominięty (that jest w nawiasie). W pozostałych przypadkach nie należy go pomijać. Przy niektórych czasownikach (np. assure) zostało zaznaczone dopełnienie. Oznacza to, że czasowniki te, podobnie jak tell, występują wyłącznie z dopełnieniem.
Aby przekazać ton wypowiedzi , czasownik wprowadzający należy uzupełnić odpowiednim przysłówkiem, np.:
she said angrily powiedziała gniewnie, ze złością
she said brutally powiedziała brutalnie
she said rudely powiedziała niegrzecznie
she said confidently powiedziała z przekonaniem
she said convincingly powiedziała przekonująco
she said decidedly powiedziała zdecydowanie
she said fiercely powiedziała gwałtownie
she said foolishly powiedziała głupio
she said harshly powiedziała szorstko
she said honestly powiedziała szczerze
she said intentionally powiedziała celowo
she said loudly powiedziała głośno
she said passionately powiedziała namiętnie, z pasją
she said patiently powiedziała cierpliwie
she said sarcastically powiedziała sarkastycznie
she said sharply powiedziała ostro
she said shyly powiedziała nieśmiało
she said sympathetically powiedziała współczująco
she said bitterly powiedziała gorzko
"Poor you," she said sympathetically. "Biedaku" – powiedziała współczująco.
"You always know better ," he said bitterly. "Ty zawsze wiesz lepiej" – powiedział gorzko.
"You will regret it," she said fiercely. "Pożałujesz tego" – powiedziała gwałtownie.
"Mind your own business," he said rudely. "Pilnuj swojego nosa" – powiedział niegrzecznie.
"How I love reading," she said passionately. "Jak ja lubię czytać" – powiedziała z pasją.
"I won't wait," he said decidedly. "Nie będę czekać" – powiedział zdecydowanie.
"Leave it to me, I will manage," she said confidently. "Zostaw to mnie, poradzę sobie" – powiedziała z przekonaniem.
"Don't be stupid," he said angrily. "Nie bądź głupi" – powiedział ze złością.
"Shut up, you half-wit," she said brutally "Zamknij się, ty półgłówku" – powiedziała brutalnie.
"This is for you," he said shyly. "To jest dla ciebie" – powiedział nie śmiało.
Uwaga:
Po mowie niezależnej może zajść inwersja przez zamianę miejsc podmiotu z orzeczeniem, jeżeli w zdaniu nie występuje przysłówek ani dopełnienie.
"Where did you get this?" asked my father. "Skąd to masz?" – zapytał mój ojciec. ale:
"Open the door this instant," my father said angrily "Natychmiast otwórz drzwi" – powiedział mój ojciec ze złością.
"Black is black and white is white," he told me. "Czarne jest czarne, a białe jest białe" – powiedział mi.
Ćwiczenia
1. Dopasuj poniższe czasowniki wprowadzające do zdań 1–10.
Klucz
Ask, promise, deny, exclaim (2x), whisper, explain, complain, admit, assure
Wzór: "What is this supposed to be?" he asked.
1. "Who's calling, please?"
2. "I am not a child!"
3. "Shh, not so loud."
4. "My left shoulder hurts terribly."
5. "Go away!"
6. "I will get you out of this."
7. "Yes, I cheated in the exam."
8. "I didn't say that."
9. "They will get here in time."
10. "Green tea cools the body."
2. Dopasuj nazwy z kolumny A do napisów informacyjnych z kolumny B.
Klucz
A
1. CV
2. diary
3. guidebook
4. invitation
5. label
6. notice
7. leaflet
8. prescription
9. receipt
10. recipe
B
a) It says that it should be taken on an empty stomach.
b) It says that people may register by phone.
c) It says that refunds won't be given after 25 days .
d) It says that it is a medium to full coverage.
e) It says that the meeting is at 4 o'clock.
f) It says that the course is available to graduate students.
g) It says that the floor is wet.
h) It says that the cake should be baked for 40 to 50 minutes.
i) It says that the palace was restored in 1800.
j) It says that the he has graduated from Oxford.
3. Znajdź i popraw błędy w poniższych zdania ch.
Klucz
1. He reminded to me that it was her birthday.
2. She replied me that she hadn't heard anything .
3. He assured that it would be easy.
4. The desk clerk informed that there were no rooms.
5. He admitted me that he offended them.
6. The teacherexplained us that Islam doesn't allow extra-marital relationships.
7. He promised that he would stop lying.
8. She complained that she was unfairly treated.
9. The landlord moaned that we used too much water.
10. She claimed that the telephone bill was paid the previous week.
4. Dopasuj do zdań w mowie niezależnej 1–5 ich odpowiedniki sformułowane w mowie niezależnej a–e.
Klucz
a)
1. "I will not trouble you." a) He promised to be punctual.
2. "I will be polite." b) He promised to be discreet.
3. "I will arrive on time." c) He promised not to demand payment.
4. "I won't charge any fee." d) He promised not to bother me.
5. "I won't tell anyone." e) He promised to behave himself.
b)
1. "I didn't tell them anything ."
2. "No, I told the truth."
3. "I didn't say that."
4. "I didn't take part in it."
5. "I didn't say who I am."
a) She denied that she had made such an utterance.
b) She denied that she had been involved in the operation.
c) She denied that he had been guilty of leaking the information to the media.
d) She denied that she had revealed her identity.
e) She denied that she had lied.
5. Znajdź w kolumie B właściwego mówcę dla zdań w kolumnie A.
Klucz
A
1. "The soil was not treated with fertilizers,"
2. "It suits your figure,"
3. "I need this report by noon,"
4. "Practise yourspelling,"
5. "I gave up on acting,"
6. "I will stand for election,"
7. "Please don't touch the exhibits,"
8. "Get undressed,"
B
a) the doctor told me.
b) the actor said.
c) the boss said.
d) the politician said.
e) the shop assistant told me.
f) the curator said.
g) the teacher told me.
h) the farmer said.
1.3. Zmiany dotyczące czasów
Present Simple ? Past Simple
Present Continuous ? Past Continuous
Present Perfect ? Past Perfect
Present Perfect Continuous ? Past Perfect Continuous
Past Simple ? Past Perfect
Past Continuous ? Past Perfect Continuous
Past Perfect i Past Perfect Continuous ? pozostają bez zmian
Will w czasach przyszłych ? would
W zasadzie czas przeszły zamieniamy na za przeszły, ale przy wyraźnym umiejscowieniu wydarzenia w przeszłości czas może pozostać bez zmian. Zdanie:
"Sue earned her master's degree in May," she said. "Sue otrzymała tytuł magistra w maju" – powiedziała.
może być przekształcone namowę zależną na dwa sposoby:
She said that Sue earned/had earned her master's degree in May. Ona powiedziała, że Sue otrzymała tytuł magistra w maju.
Ale zdanie:
"I played bass guitar." "Grałem na gitarze basowej."
musi zostać zmienione na:
He told me that he had played bass guitar. Powiedział mi, że grał na gitarze basowej.
W wypadku gdybyśmy pozostawili czas Simple Past w mowie zależnej (He told me that he played bass guitar ), zdanie to mogłoby oznaczać, że on wciąż gra na gitarze basowej.
ale:
He told me that he played bass guitar when he was a child. Powiedział mi, że grał na gitarze basowej, kiedy był dzieckiem.
Również Past Continuous może pozostać bez zmian y w mowie zależnej, jeśli nie odnosi się do ukończonej czynności, np.:
"When I saw him he was painting the house." "Kiedy go zobaczyłam, on malował dom".
She told me that when she saw him he was painting the house. Powiedziała mi, że kiedy go zobaczyła, on malował dom.
ale:
"I was considering resigning, but my husband talked me out of it." "Rozważałam odejście, ale mój mąż odwiódł mnie od tego".
She told me that she had been consider ing resigning, but her husband had talked her out of it. Powiedziała mi, rozważała odejście, ale jej mąż odwiódł ją od tego.
Czasy Past Simple i Past Continuous występujące w zdaniach czasowych również nie ulegają zmian ie, np.:
"When I was living/lived in London..." "Kiedy mieszkałam w Londynie...".
She said that when she was living/lived in London... Powiedziała, że kiedy mieszkała w Londynie...
Czasownik główny w tych zdaniach zmienia się na czas za przeszły, choć może pozostać bez zmian, np.:
She said that when she was living/livedin London she got interested/had got interested in photography. Powiedziała, że kiedy mieszkała w Londynie, zainteresowała się fotografią.
Czas teraźniejszy w zasadzie zamieniamy na przeszły, ale w przypadku gdy relacjonowana wypowiedź jest nadal prawdziwa i aktualna, czas może pozostać bez zmian y, np.:
"I do aerobics," she told me. "Ćwiczę aerobik" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that she does aerobics. Powiedziała mi, że ćwiczy aerobik.
"I have never eaten sushi," he said. "Nigdy nie jadłem sushi" – powiedział.
He told me that he has never eaten sushi. Powiedział mi, że nigdy nie jadł sushi.
He said, "I always get what I want." Powiedział: "Zawsze dostaję to, czego chcę".
He said that he always gets what he want s. Powiedział, że zawsze dostaje to, czego chce.
Czas może nie ulec zmianie w przypadku prawd uniwersalnych, czyichś zwyczajów lub nawyków, np.:
"Light travels at 186000 miles per second." "Światło porusza się z prędkością 186000 mil na sekundę".
She said that light travels at 186000 miles per second. Powiedziała, że światło porusza się z prędkością 186000 mil na sekundę.
"The Sun orbits the Earth e very 24 hours," he said. "Słońce obiega Ziemię co 24 godziny" – powiedział.
He said that the Sun orbits the Earth e very 24 hours. Powiedział, że Słońce obiega Ziemię co 24 godziny.
"Bob always sleeps on his back." "Bob zawsze śpi na plecach".
He said that Bob always sleeps on his back. On powiedział, że Bob zawsze śpi na plecach.
Czas przeszły po
wish,
would sooner,
would rather,
it is (high) time nie ulega zmian ie, np.:
She said, "It is time they stopped complaining." Powiedziała: "Czas, by przestali narzekać".
She said that it was time they stopped complaining. Powiedziała, że czas by przestali narzekać.
"It is high time he got married." "Najwyższy czas, żeby się ożenił".
She said that it was high time he got married. Powiedziała, że to najwyższy czas, żeby się ożenił.
"I wish I were slimmer." "Szkoda, że nie jestem szczuplejsza".
She told me that she wished she were slimmer. Powiedziała mi, że szkoda, że nie jest szczuplejsza.
"I would rather you didn't tell anybody." "Wolałbym, żebyś nikomu nie mówił".
He said that he would rather I didn't tell anybody. Powiedział, że wolałby, żebym nikomu nie mówił.
Ćwiczenia
6. Uzupełnij tabelkę.
Klucz
7. Wyraź poniżej podane zdania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "It is a gorgeous room," she said.
2. "You speak English very well," said Beth.
3. "I haven't talked to him yet," said Alice.
4. Bob said, "It looks frightening."
5. "She is a very talented lawyer," said Jim.
6. Philip said, "I am not trying to offend anyone."
7. "I am a babysitter,' said Amy.
8. "We will try again tomorrow," he said.
9. "I will wash the dishes", she said.
10. "I won't repeat them istake," said Tom.
11. Tim said, "She is very kind."
12. "It didn't happen like that," Mark said.
13. Katy said, "I will do whatever it takes."
14. "I won't say a word", Grace said.
15. "I have been trying to call you," said Greg.
8. Przekształć poniższe zdania na dwa sposoby według wzoru.
Klucz
"She is always honest." He said that she is always honest. He said that she was always honest.
1. "She loves mountains."
2. "He is always late."
3. "I have never heard about it."
4. "I hate Mon days ."
5. "She is getting better ."
6. "It will cost you a fortune."
7. "He is always blaming me for things I haven't done."
8. "I am sick and tired of it."
9. "He won't be missed."
10. "She doesn't want to be an accountant."
11. "My son believes in Santa Claus."
12. "Beth never gets angry about anything ."
13. "Mrs Right often borrows things from us."
14. "My sister is a very reasonable girl."
15. "They live in Twin Oaks."
9. Jack mówił ci wcześniej:
Klucz
1. I've never eaten Thai food.
2. Laura is only a friend.
3. Mr Jones is my next-door neighbour.
4. I cannot dance.
5. I love all animals.
6. I am going ona business trip tomorrow.
7. I hate spinach.
8. I am an only child.
9. I don't speak foreign languages.
10. I am a Tory.
Później jednak że powiedział co inne go. Wyraź swoje zdziwienie, zaczynając od wyrażenia:
"But you said/told me..."
Jack
1. "My sister is a lawyer."
2. "I will bake pasta shells with spinach."
3. "I've been dating Laura for six months."
4. "I wona dancing competition last week."
5. "Kaeng Kiow Wan Nua is my favourite dish."
6. "Let's meet tomorrow evening."
7. "How I hate ducks!"
8. "Mr Jones? I've never heard of him."
9. "Ich fahre nach Berlin."
10. "I identify myself with the political left."
You
"But you said/told me...".
1.4. Zmiany dotyczące czasowników modularnych
can ?
could
"I can cook," he said. "Potrafię gotować" – powiedział.
He said that he could cook. Powiedział, że potrafi gotować.
"She can sing," he said. "Ona potrafi śpiewać" – powiedział.
He said that she could sing. Powiedział, że ona potrafi śpiewać.
can ?
could /would beable (gdy mowa o przyszłości)
"I can come tomorrow," he told me. "Mogę przyjść jutro" – powiedział mi.
He told me that he could /would be able to come thenext day. Powiedził mi, że będzie mógł przyjść jutro/następnego dnia.
"I can finish it with in a week," she said. "Mogę to skończyć w ciągu tygodnia" – powiedziała.
She said that she could /would be able to finish it with in a week. Powiedziała, że będzie to mogła skończyć w ciągu tygodnia.
may ?
might
"He may come back," she said. "On może wrócić" – powiedziała.
She said that he might come back. Powiedziała, że on może wrócić.
"I may be wrong," he told me. "Mogę się mylić" – powiedział mi.
He told me that he might be wrong. Powiedział mi, że może się mylić.
shall ?
should (w przypadku proś byo radę bądź poinstruowanie)
"What shall we tell the children?" she asked. "Co powiemy dzieciom?" – zapytała.
She asked what they should tell the children. Zapytała, co mają powiedzieć dzieciom.
"What shall I write about?" he asked. "O czym mam napisać?" – zapytał.
He asked what he should write about. Zapytał, o czym ma napisać.
shall ?
offer (w przypadku składania propozycji np. pomocy)
"Shall I get you a cup of tea?" she said. "Przynieść ci filiżankę herbaty?" – powiedziała.
She offered mea cup of tea. Zaproponowała mi filiżankę herbaty.
"Shall I take you home?" he asked. "Zabrać cię dodomu?" – zapytał.
He offered me to take me home. Zaproponował, że zabierze mnie do domu.
must ?
must (przy odczuwanej wewnętrznie konieczności)/
had to (przy stwierdzaniu obowiązku)
"I must get a haircut," she told me. "Muszę obciąć włosy" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that he must/had to get a haircut. Powiedziała mi, że musi obciąć włosy.
"I must go," he said. "Muszę iść" – powiedział.
He said that he must go. Powiedział, że musi iść.
must ?
would have to (w zdaniach warunkowych)
"If the situation gets worse, we must consider alternatives," she said. "Jeśli sytuacja pogorszy się, musimy rozważyć inne możliwości" – powiedziała.
She said that if the situation got worse, they would have to consider alternatives. Powiedziała, że jeśli sytuacja się pogorszy to będą musieli rozważyć inne możliwości.
"If they arrive, we must treat them kindly," he told me. " Jeśli przyjadą, musimy ich traktować miło" – powiedział mi.
He told me that if they arrived, they would have to treat them kindly. Powiedział mi, że jeżeli przyjadą, to będą musieli traktować ich miło.
Must pozostaje bez zmian w przypadku wnioskowań, stale obowiązujących poleceń, nakazów bądź zakazów i przy wypowiadaniu zamiarów.
"You must be in love," she said (wnioskowanie). "Musisz być zakochany" – powiedziała.
She said that I must be in love. Powiedziała, że muszę być zakochany.
"You must be out of your mind," he told me. "Chyba zwariowałeś" – powiedział mi.
He told me that I must be out of my mind. Powiedział mi, że chyba zwariowałem.
"I must get rid of my old car," he told me (intencj a). "Muszę się pozbyć mojego starego samochodu" – powiedział mi.
He told me that he must get rid of his old car. Powiedział mi, że musi pozbyć się swojego starego samochodu.
He said, "Workers must wear protective clothing" (nakaz). Powiedział: "Pracownicy muszą nosić odzież ochronną".
He said workers must wear protective clothing. On powiedział, że pracownicy muszą nosić odzież ochronną.
Jeżeli
must jest użyte w znaczeniu rady czy sugestii, to w mowie zależnej może być zastąpione czasowniki em
advise.
"You must seethis film," she told me. "Musisz obejrzeć ten film" – powiedziała mi.
She advised me to see the film. Poradziła mi, żebym obejrzał ten film.
I mustn't pozostaje bez zmian w mowie zależnej,
you/she/he mustn't pozostaje bez zmian albo jest zastąpione zakazem:
"You mustn't play with matches," she told him. "Nie wolno ci się bawić zapał kami" – powiedziała mu.
She told him that he mustn't play with matches/wasn't to play with matches. Powiedziała mu, że nie wolno mu bawić się zapałkami/że ma nie bawić się zapałkami.
need ?
needed
"I need more time," Danny said. "Potrzebuję więcej czasu" – powiedział Danny.
Danny said that he needed more time. Danny powiedział, że potrzebuje więcej czasu.
Jeśli po
need występuje bezokolicznik, tow mowie zależnej może być zastąpiony zarówno przez
needed to jaki
had to.
"I need to go to bed," she said. "Muszę iść spać" – powiedziała.
She said that she needed/had to go to bed. Powiedziała, że musi iść spać.
needn't ?
needn't/ didn't need to/ didn't have to
"You needn't apologise," she said. "Nie musisz przepraszać" – powiedziała.
She said that I needn't/ didn't need/ didn't have to apologise. Powiedziała, że nie muszę przepraszać.
"We needn't worry," he told me. "Niemusimy się przejmować' – powiedział mi.
He told me that we needn't/ didn't need/ didn't have to worry. Powiedział mi, że nie musimy się przejmować.
Would w zdaniach orzekających pozostaje bez zmian.
Used to nie zmienia się w mowie zależnej.
"It used to be my favourite band," he said. "Tobył kiedyś mój ulubiony zespół" – powiedział.
He said that it used to be his favourite band. Powiedział, że to był kiedyś jego ulubiony zespół.
Might pozostaje bez zmian, chyba żejestużytew znaczeniuproś by.
"He might refuse to talk," they said. "On może nie zgodzić się mówić" – powiedzieli.
They said that he might refuse to talk. Powiedzieli, że on może nie zgodzić się mówić.
"They might feel up set," she told me. "Mogą czuć się zdenerwowani" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that they might feel upset. Powiedziała mi, że mogą czuć się zdenerwowani.
ale:
"You might take the garbage out," she said. "Mógł byś wyrzucić śmieci" – powiedziała.
She asked him to take the garbage out. Poprosiła go, żeby wyrzucił śmieci.
"You might clean your room from time to time," she said. "Mógł byś sprzątnąć swój pokój od czasu do czasu" – powiedziała.
She asked him to clean his room from time to time. Poprosiła go, żeby sprzątał swój pokój od czasu do czasu.
Ought to/should pozostają bez zmian, jeśli wyrażają obowiązek bądź przypuszczenie, np.:
"You should wear yourseat belt." "Powinieneś zapiąć pasy bezpieczeństwa".
He told me that I should wear my seat belt. Powiedział mi, że powinienem zapiąć pasy bezpieczeństwa.
"I should receive my PhD next year." "Powinnam otrzymać tytuł doktora w przyszłym roku".
She said that she should receive her PhD the following year. Powiedziała, że powinna otrzymać tytuł doktora w przyszłym roku.
Jeżeli
oughtto/should wyrażają radę to w mowie zależnej mogą być zamienione na czasowniki
advise,
urge encourage.
"You should read more." "Powinieneś więcej czytać".
She advised me to read more. Ona doradziła mi, żebym więcej czytał.
"You ought to quit smoking." "Powinieneś rzucić palenie".
He encouraged me to quit smoking. Namawiał mnie, żebym przestał palić.
"You should wear distance glasses," the eye doctor told me. "Powinien pan nosić okulary dla krótkowidzów" – powiedział mi okulista.
The eye doctor advised me to wear distance glasses. Okulista poradził mi, żebym nosił okulary dla krótkowidzów.
Could w odniesieniu do umiejętności w czasie przyszłym może być zastąpione przez
would be able to, np.:
"He could repair the tap." "On mógłby naprawić kran".
He said that he could /would be able to repair the tap. Powiedział, że mógłby naprawić kran.
"I could learn German in two years' time." "Mogłbym nauczyć się niemieckiego w dwa lata".
She said that she could /would be able to learn German in two years' time. Powiedziała, że mogła by nauczy się niemieckiego w dwa lata.
Could w odniesieniu do umiejętności w czasie przeszłym może być zmienione na
had been able, np.:
"He could climb trees when he was a child." "Potrafił wspinać się po drzewach, kiedy był dzieckiem".
He said that he could/had been able to climb trees when he was a child. Powiedział, że potrafi ł wspinać się po drzewach, kiedy był dzieckiem.
"As a little girl, I could write poems and stories." "Jako mała dziewczynka potrafiłam pisać wiersze i opowiadania".
She said that asa little girl she could/had been able to write poems and stories. Powiedziała, że jako mała dziewczynka potrafiła pisać wiersze i opowiadania.
Could w zdaniach warunkowych II typu pozostają bez zmian lub zamienia się na
would be allowed to, np.:
"If my mother agreed, I could have a parrot." "Gdyby moja mama zgodziła się, mógłbym mieć papugę".
He said that if his mother agreed, he could have/would be allowed to have a parrot. Powiedział, że gdyby jego mama zgodziła się, mógłby mieć papugę.
"If there weren't so much work to do, I could take a day off." "Gdyby nie było tyle pracy do wykonania, mogłabym wziąć dzień wolny".
She said that if there weren't so much work to do, she could /would be allowed to take a day off. Powiedziała, że gdyby nie było tyle pracy do wykonania, to mogłaby wziąć dzień wolny.
Could w odniesieniu do przyzwolenia w czasie przeszłym może być zmieniony na
was /were allowed to, np.:
"On Saturday I could stay up late." "W soboty mogłem nie kłaść się do łóżka aż do późna".
He said that on Saturday he could/was allowed to stay uplate. Powiedział, że w soboty mógł nie kłaść się do łóżka aż do późna.
"When I was fifteen, I could watch any movie I wanted." "Kiedy miałem piętnaście lat, mogłem oglądać każdy film, jaki chciałem".
He told me that when he was fifteen, he could/was allowed to watch any film he wanted. Powiedział mi, że kiedy miał piętnaście lat, mógł oglądać każdy film, jakich ciał.
Ćwiczenia
10. Wyraź poniżej podane zdania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "You must be over 21 to hire a car."
2. "She must be seeing things."
3. "He must be mad."
4. "You ought to think twice."
5. "He couldn't find common ground with some people."
6. "She could wear whatever she wanted."
7. "You mustn't let anyone use it."
8. "I would like to see you again."
9. "You needn't go to all that trouble."
10. "She used to work as a housekeeper."
11. "He should be indicted."
12. "You ought to quit smoking."
13. "You might clean the house."
14. "I must talk to you."
15. "You might succeed in convincing him."
11. Napisz poniższe zdania w mowie zależnej dopasowując je do osób wymienionych w punktach a–h.
Klucz
1. "I will take your blood pressure."
2. "I could take you to jail for driving too fast."
3. "I would discuss the surge of violence in Baghdad."
4. "You might be suffering from dysgraphia."
5. "You mustn't speak to the jury."
6. "You needn't change the air filter."
7. "I used to live in a poor area of London."
8. "I can type 30 words a minute."
a) The nurse told me
b) The Prime Minister said
c) The teacher told me
d) The judge told her
e) The traffic cop said
f) The car mechanic said
g) The actor said
h) The secretary said
12. W ciągu dnia Grace spotykała się z różnymi osobami, które powiedziały jej m.in.:
Klucz
Pharmacist: "The prescription expired yesterday. You should call the doctor to renew it."
Grace's boss: "Grace, I've noticed your hard work. You will find something extra in your pay check."
Grace's fiancéé: "I would ra her get married in Vegas."
Mrs Jenkins: "I may drop in for a chat."
Wieczorem Grace opowiada babci o minionym dniu. Uzupełnij relacje Grace posługując się mową zależną.
Grace: Hi grandma! I went to the chemist after work. The lady there said (1) ________________.
Grandma: Oh dear!
Grace: She told me (2) ________________.
Grandma: Yes, yes. I will do it. And how was your work?
Grace: Very busy. I am exhausted.
Grandma: And that boss of yours – is he nice?
Grace: Someday she is nice, someday she is not. Today he said (3) ________________.
Grandma: How nice of him.
Grace: Yes, I felt some sort of satisfaction. He also told me that (4) ________________.
Grandma: This is a just great! I am so proud of you. And how is Jack?
Grace: Oh, you wouldn't believe what he told me to day! He said (5) ________________.
Grandma: He said what?!
Grace: Don't worry, grandma, I think he was only joking. You know he loves to joke.
Grandma: You never know with him, dear.
Grace: Oh, while it's still fresh in my mind. I met Mrs Jenkinson the stairs. She said (6) ________________.
1.5. Zmiany dotyczące określeń czasu i miejsca
now ? then/at that time /immediately
at the moment ? at the time
today ? that day
tonight ? that night
yesterday ? the day before/the previous day
tomorrow ? the next day/the following day
tomorrow evening ? the following evening
this year ? that year
last year ? the year before/the previous year
next year ? the year after/the following year
the week after next ? a week later
these days ? those days
in two days ? two days from then
the day before yesterday ? two days before/two days earlier
the day after tomorrow ? two days later/two days after
ago ? before
here ? there
"I didn't settle to anything yesterday," he said. "Nie zabrałem się wczoraj do niczego" – powiedział.
He said that he hadn't settled to anything the day before. Powiedział, że nie zabrał się wczoraj do niczego.
"I will contact you tomorrow," she said. "Skontaktuję się z tobą jutro" – powiedziała.
She said that she would contact me the next day/the following day. Powiedziała, że skontaktuje się zemną jutro/następnego dnia.
"I last saw him two years ago," she told me. "Ostatnio widziałam go dwa lata temu" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that she had last seen him two years before. Powiedziała mi, że ostatnio widziała go dwa lata temu.
"I've got other things on my mind at the moment," he said. "Mam teraz inne sprawy na głowie" – powiedział.
He grunted that he had got other things on his mind at the time. Odburknął, że ma inne sprawy na głowie.
"The concert is tonight," she informed me. "Koncert jest wieczorem" – poinformowała mnie.
She informed me that the concert was that night. Poinformowała mnie, że koncert był wieczorem.
"I will resumetrainingnextyear," he said. "Podejmę treningw przyszłymroku" – powiedział.
He said that he would resume training the year after/the following year. Powiedział, że podejmie trening w przyszłym roku.
"I feel great today," she said. "Czuję się dzisiaj wspaniale" – powiedziała.
She said that she felt great that day. Powiedziała, że czuje się dzisiaj wspaniale.
"We are going to hire 100 people this year," he told me. "Zamierzamy zatrudnić 100 osób w tym roku" – powiedział mi.
He told me that they were going to hire 100 people that year. Powiedział mi, że zamierzają zatrudnić 100 osób w tym roku.
Jeżeli
this/these nie są użyte w określeniach czasowych wówczas przechodzą w:
the, jeśli określają rzeczownik, np.:
"I like this idea." "Podoba mi się ten pomysł".
He told me that she liked the idea. Powiedział, że podoba mu się ten pomysł.
"Buy me this fur coat." "Kup mi to futro".
She told me to buy her the coat. Powiedziałam i, żebym jej kupił to futro.
it lub
they/them jeśli są zaimkami, np.:
"This is unbelievable." "To jest niewiarygodne".
He said that it was unbelievable. Powiedział, że to jest niewiarygodne.
"These are my children." "To są moje dzieci".
She said that they were her children. Powiedziała, że to są jej dzieci.
"This used to bea good hotel." "To był dawniej dobry hotel".
She told me that it used to be a good hotel. Powiedziała mi, że to był dawniej dobry hotel.
Ćwiczenia
13. Zamień poniżej podane określenia czasu i miejsca na takie, które występują w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. at the moment
2. here
3. in five minutes' time
4. last year
5. next summer
6. now
7. the day before yesterday
8. these days
9. this evening
10. today
11. tomorrow
12. tomorrow night
13. tonight
14. two years ago
15. yesterday
14. Zamień poniżej podane zdania na mowę zależną.
Klucz
1. "This is very easy."
2. "These are very good questions."
3. "I enjoyed this book."
4. "These are quite comfortable to o."
5. "I have bought these for myself."
6. "This is a real war."
7. "These were the good old days ."
8. "These roses are for you."
1.6. Zmiany dotyczące zaimków
Wszystkie zaimki (osobowe i dzierżawcze ) oraz określniki dzierżawcze podlegają zmianie w zależności od kontekstu, np.:
"My parents visited me on Sunday," she said. "Moi rodzice odwiedzili mnie w niedzielę" – powiedziała.
She said her parents visited her on Sunday. Powiedziała, że jej rodzice odwiedzili ją w niedzielę.
"I en joyed your story," she said. "Podobałam i się twoja opowieść" – powiedziała.
She said that she enjoyed my story. Powiedziała, że podoba jej się moja opowieść.
"You're always welcome at our house," they said. "Zawsze jesteś mile widziany w naszym domu" – powiedzieli.
They told me that I was always welcome at their house. Powiedzieli mi, że jestem zawsze mile widziany w ich domu.
"Ours is the best offer," he said. "Nasza oferta jest najlepsza" – powiedział.
He said that their offer was the best. Powiedział, że ich oferta jest najlepsza.
ale
"I saw him yesterday," she said. "Widziałam go wczoraj" – powiedziała.
She said that she had seen him yesterday. Powiedziała, że widziała go wczoraj.
Ćwiczenia
15. Zamień poniższe zdania namowę zależną, pamiętając o zaimkach osobowych i dzierżawczych.
Klucz
1. Bob said, "I have met your parents ."
2. Katy said, "We have bought a new camera."
3. Tim said, "I'd like you to meet my girl friend."
4. Jerry said, "Our car has a flat tyre."
5. Paul said, "Bet your laptop is heavier than mine."
6. Sue said, "My job is stressing me out."
7. Jack said, "No company is better than ours."
16. Przekaż w mowie zależnej informacje zostawione przez Grega na automatycznej sekretarce.
Klucz
a)
Hi, Beth. We are in Greece. We are staying at the Attica Hotel. It is absolutely fantastic! The rooms are very clean and the staff are friendly. Nothing is too much trouble. We couldn't have asked for better accommodation! Our room overlooks the sea – it is wonderful to watch the sun set and rise. The food is excellent, especially the home-made bread and cookies. I will call you again on Saturday. Say hello to Mike from Kate and me.
Greg left a message on your an swering machine. He said that ___________________
b)
Hi, Beth. It is me again. We are a bit tired of our room. True, it is clean, but it is very , very small. There is no place to keep our suitcases. The bath room is also tiny. You can sit on the toilet and brush your teeth over the sink. After the second night I called the reception desk to request a room change, but I was told that the hotel was over booked and a roomchange was not an option. We are planning on checking out tomorrow. Say hello to Mike from us.
On Saturday, Greg left you another message. He complained that ________________
1.7. Inne zmiany
come ? go
bring ? take
"Come with me," he said. "Chodź zemną" – powiedział.
He asked me to go with him. Poprosił mnie, żebym z nim poszła.
"When will you be coming home?" "Kiedy przyjdziesz do domu?"
She asked when I would be going home. Zapytała, kiedy przyjdę do domu.
She said, "Bring it here ." Ona powiedziała: "Przynieś to tutaj".
She asked (me) to take it there . Ona poprosiła (mnie), żebym to tam zaniósł.
it ?
that
Nie zmienia się w mowie zależnej automatycznie it na that. Zamiana taka może nastąpić w przypadku, gdy zdanie w mowie zależnej może my uzupełnić wskazaniem na kogoś lub coś, o czym wspominano w zdaniu wyjściowym (w mowie niezależnej ).
"Clean it," she told me. "Wyczyść to" – powiedziała mi.
She told me to clean that (powiemy tak, wskazując np. na plamę na podłodze). Powiedziała mi, żebym to wyczyścił.
She told me to clean it (powiemy tak, gdy nie wskazujemy na plamę, ponieważ znajdujemy się winnym miejscu i nie widzimy jej lub plama została już wytarta, a my jedynie przytaczamy polecenie wcześniej wydane).
1.8. Pytania w mowie zależnej
Pytania w mowie zależnej zmieniają szyk zdania na oznajmujący.
W pytaniach podstawowym czasowniki em relacjonującym jest
ask. Inne czasowniki również mogą być stosowane do oddawania pytań w mowie zależnej, np.:
to inquire pytać, zasięgać informacji
to query pytać
to want to know chcieć wiedzieć
to wonder zastanawiać się
W przeciwieństwie do powyższych czasowników
ask może występować z dopełnieniem.
They asked, "Do you know him?" Pytali: "Czy go znasz?"
They asked me whether I knew him. Pytali, czy go znam.
ale
He asked, "Where do you live?" Zapytał: "Gdzie mieszkasz?"
He inquired where she lived.
He wanted to know where she lived.
He wondered where she lived.
He queried where she lived.
Pytania typu "Yes/No"
Pytania typu "yes/no" (bez zwrotów pytających, np.: what, where, when, whose, who) wprowadzamy w mowie zależnej za pomocą
if lub
whether, np.:
"Are you tired ?" she asked. "Jesteś zmęczony?" – zapytała .
She asked if/whether he was tired. Zapytała, czy jest zmęczony.
If i whether zazwyczaj stosuje się wymiennie, ale
if jest bardziej powszechne.
Whether podkreśla, że należy dokonać wyboru, np.:
"Where do you want to go: to the cinema or to a restaurant?" "Gdzie chcesz pójść: do kina czy restauracji?"
He asked whether I wanted to go to the cinema or to a restaurant? Zapytał, czy chcę pójść do kina czy restauracji.
"Which place would you like to visit first: the Royal Castle or Łazienki?" "Co chciałbyś najpierw zwiedzić: Zamek Królewski czy Łazienki?"
She asked whether I would like to visit first the Royal Castle or Łazienki. Zapytała, czy chciałbym najpierw zwiedzić Zamek Królewski czy Łazienki.
Pytania z wyrazami pytającymi
Jeśli pytanie w mowie niezależnej zaczyna się od słowa pytającego, to słowo to jest powtarzane, gdy przytaczamy pytanie w mowie zależnej.
She asked, "Where do you work?" Ona zapytała: "Gdzie pracujesz?"
She asked (him) where he worked. Ona zapytała (go), gdzie pracuje.
He asked, "What are you doing?" On zapytał: "Co robisz?"
He asked ( her ) what she was doing. On zapytał (ją), co robi.
"How do you like it?" she asked. "Jak ci się to podoba" – zapytała .
She asked (him) how he liked it. Zapytała (go), jak mu się to podoba.
Pytania z will you/would you/could you
To mogą być nie tylko zwykłe pytania , ale również wypowiedzi będą cew istocie prośbami, poleceniami, propozycjami czy zaproszeniami. Oprócz czasownika ask używanego przede wszystkim w pytaniach, można tu stosować inne czasowniki relacjonujące charakterystyczne dla próśb, nakazów, propozycji, zaproszeń, m.in. shout, order, command, offer, invite, implore, plead, request (zob. paragraf "Polecenia, zakazy, rady i prośby").
"Will you phone me?" she asked. "Zadzwonisz do mnie?" – zapytała .
She asked if I would phone her. Ona zapytała , czy zadzwonię do niej.
She shouted "Will you stop and listen!" Ona krzyknęła: "Przestaniesz i posłuchasz!"
She shouted at him to stop and listen/She ordered him to stop and listen. Ona krzyknęła na niego, żeby przestał i posłuchał/Ona kazała mu przestać i posłuchać.
He asked, "Would you stay for lunch?" On zapytał: "Zostałabyś na lunch?"
He asked (me) if I would like to stay for lunch/He invited me for lunch On zapytał (mnie), czy bym nie została na lunch/Zaprosił mnie na lunch.
He said, "Will you follow me?" On powiedział: "Pójdziesz za mną?"
He told her to follow him. Powiedział jej, żeby poszła zanim.
He said, "Will you join me for a drink?" On powiedział: "Pójdziesz ze mną na drinka?"
He invited me for a drink. On zaprosił mnie na drinka.
She said, "Would you like a cup of tea?" Ona powiedziała: "Czy wypiłbyś filiżankę herbaty?"
She offered me a cup of tea. Ona zaproponowała mi filiżankę herbaty.
Bob said, "Could you help me?" Bob powiedział: "Mógł byś mi pomóc?"
Bob asked me to help him. Bob poprosił mnie, żebym mu pomógł.
Ćwiczenia
17. Zamień pytania 1–15 na pytania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "What happened?"
2. "Everything allright?"
3. "Will that be all?"
4. "What are you talking about?"
5. "How long are you staying?"
6. "What are you going to do?"
7. "How much does it cost?"
8. "What have you done to your hair?"
9. "What is wrong with you?"
10. "Who are you?"
11. "What do you want to become: a doctor or a lawyer?
12. "What is your boss like?"
13. "How are you doing?"
14. "How do you know my name?"
15. "What have you learnt?"
18. Wyraź poniższe pytania w mowie zależnej, wprowadzając przytoczenie słowem interpretującym wypowiedź, np.:
Klucz
"Will you stay for dinner?"
She invited me for dinner
1. "Will you join us ?"
2. "Will you be my friend?"
3. "Will you please go now?"
4. "Will you answer the questions?"
5. "Would you like a cup of coffee?"
6. "Would you recommend me?"
7. "Will you please be serious?"
8. "Will you take me home?"
9. "Will you wait for me?"
10. "Will you stop staring at me?"
11. "Would you turn off the radio?"
12. "Will you give her my regards?"
13. "Would you let mego?"
14. "Would you help me out?"
15. "Will you please behave?"
19. Zamień pytania 1–12 na pytania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "Would you like to be self employed?"
7. "Do you often skip breakfast?"
2. "Have you got a light?"
3. "Can you trust him?"
4. "Are you sure you want to know?"
5. "Is your neighbour a bully?"
6. "Is there anyway out?"
8. "Hass here ally changed?"
9. "Have they kept their promises?"
10. "Is there any problem?"
11. "Does he still work there?"
12. "Do you approve of the ban on beer advertising?"
20. Jak brzmiało pytanie w mowie niezależnej?
Klucz
1. He asked me what time it was.
2. She asked me whether I would come.
3. He asked me if I would do hima favour.
4. She asked him what he was doing there .
5. He asked me what I wanted for my birthday.
6. She asked him whether it was his car.
7. They asked me if I could speak Spanish.
8. They asked us if we knew anything about it.
9. He asked her if he could call back for further information.
10. He asked her if she was taking her pills.
21. Wybierz właściwe uzupełnienie a, b lub c dla zdań 1–5.
Klucz
1. He asked me __________.
a) where I wanted to go b) where did I want to go c) where I want to go
2. She asked me whether __________.
a) I had seen the film b) had I seen the film c) I saw the film
3. He wanted to know whether __________.
a) are we to wear protective clothing b) did we wear protective clothing c) we were to wear protective clothing
4. He wondered __________.
a) how had I managed to convince my parents b) how I had managed to convince my parents c) how did I manage to convince my parents
5. She asked us __________.
a) what were we doing b) what were we to do c) what we were doing
22. Uzupełnij relację w mowie zależnej na podstawie dialogu między Johnem a sprzedawcą w salonie telefonii komórkowej.
Klucz
SELLER: Good morning sir, how can I help you?
JOHN: Good morning. I am looking for a mobile phone.
SELLER: Prepaid or postpaid?
JOHN: I am not sure. What is the difference between them?
SELLER: With a prepaid mobile phone you will buy a block of minutes ahead of time. There are no monthly bills and you don't sign a contract. However, the billing is based on a per-minute cost. So, if you are going to use your mobile often then you should go in fora postpaid plan.
JOHN: I think I will be better with a prepaid plan. I am not a heavy phoneuser.
SELLER: One more thing, the SIM card includes 15 euros of calling credit. When it runs out, you have to buy more time. If the card is inactive fora longer period of time, it expires.
JOHN: I see. Where can I buy the SIM card?
SELLER: You can buy it in any phone shop or at the news agents, supermarkets or petrol stations.
JOHN: OK, I will take it.
John went to a phone shop to buy a mobile phone. He wasn't sure which mobile to buy. The seller told him that with a prepaid mobile phone he (1) ________________ a block of minutes ahead of time. He told him that there (2) _________________ no monthly bills and that he (3) ________________sign a contract. He also said that the billing (4) ____________________based on per-minute cost. He concluded that if he (5)_____________________touse his mobile phone often , he (6) _______________ in for a postpaid plan.
John replied that he (7) ________________ better with a prepaid plan adding that he (8) __________________ a heavy phone user. The seller informed him that that the SIM card (9) ____________15 euros of calling credit, so when it (10)_____________ out, he (11) ___________to buy more time. He added that if the card (12) ______ inactive for a longer period of time, it (13) ___________. Then John asked him where (14) _______________ the SIM card. The seller replied that he (15) ______ it in any phone shop or at the news agents, supermarkets or petrol stations.
23. Wybierz właściwe wyrażenie, aby uzupełnić każde ze zdań 1–7. Posłuż się mową zależną.
Klucz
"How is the weather?"
"Where do you want to go?"
"Why do you fight with him?"
"Are you hungry?"
"How do you like it?"
"How is she?"
"Is there anyway out?"
1. Kim was going out fora walk, soshe asked me ____________________________
2. Beth's sister was discharged from hospital, so I asked her ________________
3. Tom looked at my contract and I asked him _______________________________
4. Amy doesn't go along with her brother, so I asked her ______________________
5. I saw that he was using a new Canon camcorder, so I asked him _____________
6. The boy was too shy to ask for food, so she asked him ______________________
7. Tom picked me up for lunch and asked ___________________________________
1.9. Polecenia, zakazy, rady i prośby
Zdania rozkazujące w mowie zależnej wyrażamy za pomocą bezokolicznika, np.:
"Call me Vince," he said. "Mów mi Vince" – powiedział.
He told me to call him Vince. Powiedział mi, żebym mówiła mu Vince.
"Don't continue this conversation," she told me. "Nie kontynuuj tej rozmowy" – powiedziała mi.
She told me not to continue the conversation. Powiedziała mi, żebym nie kontynuował tej rozmowy.
"Wash your hands!" she said. "Umyjrę ce!" – powiedziała.
She told him to wash his hands. Powiedziała mu, żeby umył ręce.
"Give me a break," he said. "Daj mi spokój" – powiedział.
He told her to give him a break. Powiedział jej, żeby dała mu spokój.
"Get yourself a haircut," he said. "Obetni jwłosy" – powiedział.
He told me to get myself a haircut. Powiedział mi, żebym obciął włosy.
Do czasowników, które mogą być użyte do relacjonowania poleceń, zakazów, rad i próśb należą m.in.:
advise, ask, command,
demand, forbid, implore,
order,
plead (to),
remind, request, invite, urge, warn, np.:
He said, "Try again." On powiedział: "Spróbuj ponownie".
He advised me to try again. On poradził mi, żebym spróbowała ponownie.
"Please, wait for me," she said. "Proszę, poczekaj na mnie" – powiedziała.
She implored him to wait for her. Ona usilnie prosiłago, żeby poczekał na nią.
"Don't tell anyone," he said. Powiedział: "Nie mów nikomu".
He forbade me to tell anyone. On zabronił mi mówić komukolwiek.
She said, "Don't contact me." Ona powiedziała: "Nie kontaktuj się ze mną".
She requested him not to contact her. Poprosiła go, żeby się z nią nie kontaktował.
He said, "Move your car." On powiedział: "Przestaw samochód".
He ordered me to move my car. Kazał mi przestawić samochód.
Innym sposobem relacjonowania poleceń i próśb jest kononstrukcja
say/tell+podmiot+be+bezokolicznik, np.:
"Report to the commander immediately," he said. "Zamelduj się natychmiast dowódcy" – powiedział.
He said that I was to report to the commander immediately. Powiedział mi, że mam natychmiast zameldować się dowódcy.
"Don't discuss the case," she said. "Nie dyskutujcie o tej sprawie" – powiedziała mi.
She said that we weren't to discuss the case. Powiedziała, że mamy nie dyskutować o tej sprawie.
Ćwiczenia
24. Wyraź poniższe polecenia i prośby w mowie zależnej, używając czasowników interpretujących sens wypowiedzi , np.:
Klucz
"You'd better hurry."
He advised us to hurry.
1. "Stay at home," they said
2. "Wait a moment," Mike said.
3. "Keep an eye on him," she said
4. Jack said, "Don't even think about it."
5. "Calm down and listen carefully," Simon said.
6. "Don't be afraid," Mark said.
7. "Don't lose hope," she said.
8. Helen said, "Don't expect much."
9. "Leave me alone," Dave said.
10. "Drink more red wine," Alice said.
11. "Don't make me laugh," Tom said.
12. Roger said, "Call me back."
13. "Answer the phone," he said.
14. Jane said, "Don't stick your head out of the window."
15. "Behonestand always tell the truth," mymother said.
16. "Take it easy," Paul said.
17. "Apply a hot compress," Beth said.
18. "Stay in bed," the doctor said.
19. Ally said, "Keep your opinions to yourself."
20. "Take the car to a mechanic," Chris said.
25. Napisz, co głosi regulamin pewnej firmy. Posłuż się konstrukcją say/tell+podmiot+be+bezokolicznik według wzoru.
Klucz
Staff are to respect each other's privacy.
1. Respec teach other's privacy.
2. Don't use the phone for personal calls.
3. Wear badges.
4. Don't accept cash gifts.
5. Don't leave your valuables unattended.
6. Report any act of vandalism.
7. Smoke in designated areas only.
8. Park your cars in the main car park.
9. Don't discuss any job-related issues with anyone.
10. Attend appropriate training courses.
26. Przytocz w mowie zależnej poniższe polecenia wypowiedzi ane na lekcji przez nauczyciela.
Klucz
1. "Pay attention!"
2. "Don't speak Polish."
3. "Don't talk!"
4. "Be quiet!"
5. "Open your books."
6. "Do not copy other students' work."
7. "Write a story about your best friend."
8. "Take out your pens."
9. "Don't for get to do your homework."
10. "Put up your hand if you want to speak."
27. Philip często tresuje swojego psa, Alfę. Powiedz (w mowie zależnej ), jakie polecenia mu wydaje.
Klucz
1. "Lie down."
2. "Jump up."
3. "Fetch."
4. "Don't bark."
5. "Shake."
6. "Up you come."
7. "Heel."
8. "Roll over."
28. Uzupełnij luki w zdaniach 1–9 odpowiednimi zdaniami z bajki Ezopa przekształconymi namowę zależą. Zwróć uwagę na wszystkie przekształcenia.
Klucz
(1) THE HARE was once boasting of his speed before the other animals. (2) "I have never yet been beaten," said he, (3) "I challenge anyone here to race with me." (4) The Tortoise said quietly, "I accept your challenge." (5) "Thati sa good joke," said the Hare; (6) "I could dance round you all the way." (7) "Keep your boasting till you've beaten," answered the Tortoise. (8) "Shall we race?" Soa course was fixed and a start was made. The Hare darted almost out of sight at once, but soon stopped and, to show his contempt for the Tortoise, lay down to have a nap. The Tortoise plodded on and plodded on, and when the Hare awoke from his nap, he saw the Tortoise just near the winning post and could not run up in time to save the race. (9) Then said the Tortoise: "PLODDING WINS THE RACE."Aesop's Tale "The Tortoise and the Hare"
1) Thenarrator said that _________________________________________________.
2) The Hare said that ___________________________and 3)____________________.
4) The Tortoise replied that ________________________________________________.
5) The Hare retorted that ___________________adding that 6) _________________.
7) The Tortoise told him ____________________and 8) _______________________.
9) After the Tortoise won the ace, he told the Hare _________________________.
1.10. Zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zależnej
Zdania wykrzyknikowe stają się zdaniami oznajmującymi w mowie zależnej.
Zdania wykrzyknikowe zaczynające się na:
how,
what są relacjonowane w mowie zależnej za pomocą czasowników:
exclaim, yell.
"How annoying!" she said. "Jakie nieznośne!" – powiedziała.
She yelled that it was annoying. Krzyknęła, że to jest nieznośne.
"What a challenge!" he said. "Co za wyzwanie!" – powiedział.
He exclaimed that it was a challenge. Krzyknął, że to jest wyzwanie.
Wykrzykniki typu: "Lord", "Oh", "Splendid", "What", "Dear" mogą być relacjonowane przez czasowniki
exlaim lub
yell, a także opisowo za pomocą wyrażeń: give an exclamation of.... delight/annoyance/satisfaction/surprise/joy/terror/ disappointment/wonder/impatience/relief/dismay/disgust, itp.
Poniżej lista przykładowych wykrzykników w języku angielskim:
Złość – damn! damnation! the devil! doggone! ha! hang it! hell! rats! what!
Irytacja – dear! bother! damn! damnation! mercy! merde! oof! ouf! ouch! tut-tut!
Aprobata – hear! hear! so!
Radość – ah! ach! goody! heyday! hurrah! whoop! whoopee! splendid!
Wstręt – aargh! bah! phooey! yuck! ugh! pshaw!
Lęk – eeeek! oh! oh, no!
Oburzenie – here! here! why!
Irytacja – hell! lord! merde! upon my word! gosh! boy! Ból – ah! oh! ouch! ow! Współczucie – dear! dear me! och!
Zadowolenie – aha! boy! good! wow! yumyum! Ulga – whew! whoof!
Smutek – alas! ay! eh! heck! heh! lackaday! lackadaisy! las! och!
Zdziwienie – ah! blimey! boy! dear! dearme! gee! goodness! gracious! gosh! the devil! heck! indeed! lord! say! upon my soul! well! what! why! upon my word! wow! yow! zounds! Triumf – aha! ha! hurrah! so!
Podziw – wow! oh! what! blimey! gee! goodness!
"Splendid, I can't wait!" "Doskonale, nie mogę się doczekać!"
He exclaimed that he couldn't wait. Wykrzyknął, że nie może się doczekać.
He gave an exclamation of delight. Wydał okrzyk radości.
"Aha, I was right all along!" "Aha, od samego początku miałem rację!"
He exclaimed that he had been right all along. Wykrzyknął, że od samego początku miał rację.
He gave an exclamation of satisfaction. Wydał okrzyk satysfakcji.
"Hurrah, I've made it!" "Hura, udało mi się!"
She exclaimed that she had made it. Wykrzyknęła, że jej się udało.
She gave an exclamation of triumph. Wydała okrzyk triumfu.
"Oh, it hurts!" "Ał, to boli!"
He exclaimed that it hurt. Wykrzyknął, że to boli.
He gave an exclamation of pain. Wydał okrzyk bólu.
"Gosh, I've forgotten my keys!" "Ojej, zapomniałem kluczy!"
She exclaimed that she had forgot ten her keys. Wykrzyknęła, że zapomniała kluczy.
She gave an exclamation of irritation. Wydała okrzyk irytacji.
"Boy, what a hot day!" "O rety, co za upalny dzień!"
He exclaimed that it was a hot day. Wykrzyknął, że jest gorący dzień.
He gave an exclamation of annoyance. Wydał okrzyk irytacji.
Odpowiedzi "tak" lub "nie" wyrażane są w mowie zależnej za pomocą pod miotu i odpowiedniego czasownika posiłkowego.
Simon asked, "Will you manage to handle it?" and she answered, "Yes." Simon zapytał: "Dasz sobie z tym radę?", a ona odpowiedziała: "Tak".
Simon asked her whether she would manage to handle it and she answered that she would. Simon zapytał ją, czy da sobie z tym radę, a ona odpowiedziała, że tak.
Jane asked, "Can you cook?" and I answered, "No." Jane zapytała: "Potrafisz gotować", a ja odpowiedziałam: "Nie".
Jane asked me whether I could cook and I answered that I couldn't . Jane zapytała mnie, czy potrafię gotować, a ja od powiedziałam jej, że nie.
Gdy przytaczamy wypowiedź złożoną, na którą składają się np. zdania orzekające, zdania rozkazujące i pytające, każda część musi być wprowadzona przez odpowiedni czasownik. Dla zdań orzekających będą to czasowniki typu: say, tell, explain; dla zdań rozkazujących czasowniki takiejak: advise, ask, command, demand; dla zdań pytających: ask, wonder, want to know, inquire, itp.
Przydatnym sposobem łączenia różnych wyrażeń wewnątrz przytoczonej wypowiedzi jest zwrot adding that.
"I am thirsty. Is there anything to drink?" Peter said. "Chce mi się pić. Jest coś do picia?" – powiedział Peter.
Peter said that he was thirsty and he wanted to know whether there was anything to drink. Peter powiedział, że chce mu się pić i chciał wiedzieć, czy jest coś dopicia.
"I have never watched it. What channel is it on?" she said. "Nigdy tego nie oglądałam. Na jakim to jest kanale?" – powiedziała.
She said that she had never watched it and asked on what channel it was. Powiedziała, że nigdy tego nie oglądała i zapytała, na jakim to jest kanale.
"Is there anything else you would like to say? That is all I have for you," he said. "Czy jest jeszcze coś, co chcielibyście powiedzieć?" To wszystko, co dla was przygotowałem" – powiedział.
He asked whether there was anything we would like to say, adding that it was all he had forus. Zapytał, czy jest jeszcze coś, co chcielibyśmy powiedzieć, dodając, że to było wszystko, co dla nas przygotował.
Gdy w przytaczanej wypowiedzi złożonej ostatnie zdanie pomaga rozwinąć pierwsze, możemy użyć as zamiast drugiego czasownika wprowadzającego.
"Take an umbrella. It looks like rain," she said. "Weź parasol. Zapowiada się na deszcz" – powiedziała.
She advised him to take an umbrella as it looked like rain. Poradziła mu wziąć parasol, gdyż zapowiadało się na deszcz.
Ćwiczenia
29. Przeredaguj poniższe dowcipy tak, aby wypowiedzi występujących tam postaci były przekazywane w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
a) I think that I'm a chicken
Psychiatrist: What's your problem?
Patient: I think I'ma chicken.
Psychiatrist: How long has this been going on?
Patient: Ever since I was an egg!
The psychiatrist asked ________________________________ The patient answered that ____________________________ The psychiatrist wanted to know _______________________ The patient replied that _______________________________
b) A good chess player
A man went to visit a friend and was amazed to find him playing chess with his dog. He watched the game in astonishment for a while.
Man: "I can hardly believe my eyes! That's the smartest dog I've ever seen ." Friend: "Nah, he's not so smart. I've beaten him three games out of five."
Man exclaimed that ____________________ adding that _______________________ Friend replied that _____________________ that he __________________________
c) Worries about mad cow disease
There were these two cows, chatting over the fence between their fields.
The first cow said, "I tell you, this mad-cow-disease is really pretty scary. I heard it hit some cows down on the Johnson Farm."
The other cow replies, "I am not worried, it doesn't affect us ducks."
The first cow said that ______________________ adding that she ________________ The other cow replied that ________________________________________________
30. Przekształć poniższe zdania wykrzyknikowe w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "Ugh! It smells terrible!"
2. "Whew! We made it!"
3. "Oh! I did not know that!"
4. "Wow! You look wonderful!"
5. "Yuck! It tastes awful!"
6. "Gee! It's great!"
7. "Upon my soul! I swear this is true!"
8. "Damn! I can't find my glasses!"
9. "Ah! That hurts!
10. "Oh dear! I've locked my keys inside!"
31. Dopisuj wyrażenia z kolumny A z odpowiednimi wyrażeniami z kolumny B.
Klucz
A
1. "Ouch! A bee stung me!"
2. "Eeek! A frog!
3. "Dear me! You don't know that?"
4. "Ay! What a waste!"
5. "Hell! You didn't even try!"
6. "Aha! So youa dmit that you were wrong?
B
a) He gave an exclamation of surprise.
b) He gave an exclamation of pain.
c) He gave an exclamation offear.
d) He gave an exclamation of anger.
e) He gave an exclamation of triumph.
f) He gave an exclamation of sorrow."
32. Przekształć wyrażenia 1–5 z mowy niezależnej na zależną. Zwróć uwagę na odpowiednią transformację "yes" i "no".
Klucz
1. He asked, "Will you help me?" and she said, "Yes."
2. She asked, "Have you phoned Mark?" and he said, "Yes."
3. They asked, "Are you tired ?" and I answered, "No."
4. He asked, "Can you drive?" and she answered, "No."
5. I asked, "Is he a sports fan?" and she said, "Yes."
33. Przekształć zdania 1–10 namowę zależną, łącząc je każdorazowo za pomocą odpowiedniego zwrotu.
Klucz
1. "How do you like my new glasses? I bought them at Harrods."
2. "You look tired. What's wrong?"
3. "Is Jackin? I must talk to him."
4. "Have you talked to her? What is she like?"
5. "Please come in. What can I do for you?"
6. "Be quiet! I am trying to sleep."
7. "Can I use your mobile? I need to call my boss."
8. "What are you doing here? You should be on the plane now."
9. "Have you taken the test? What is your score?"
10. "We are going to the cinema tonight. Will you join us ?"
34. Przekształć zdania 1–10 namowę zależną, łącząc je każdorazowo za pomocą "adding that " lub "as".
Klucz
1. "Contact John. He will give you more information."
2. "See the doctor. He will put your mind at rest."
3. "Will they get married? I hope they will."
4. "Have you heard his new album? It is amazing!"
5. "Can you tell me the time? I will have to leave at 8."
6. "Can I get you some coffee? It will do you good."
7. "Take an aspirin. It will kill the pain."
8. "You'd better take a jacket. It is cold and windy."
9. "Get rid of him! He is after your money."
10. "How is she? I hope she is doing well."
1.11. Zdania warunkowe w mowie zależnej
Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych pierwszego typu zmieniają się zgodnie z ogólnymi zasadami, np.:
"If he comes, I won't answer the door," she said. "Jeśli on przyjdzie, to nie otworzę drzwi" – powiedziała.
She said that if he came, she wouldn't answer the door. Powiedziała, że jeśli on przyjdzie, to nie otworzy drzwi.
"If it rains, we won't go fishing," he said. "Jeśli będzie padać, nie pójdziemy na ryby" – powiedział.
He said that if it rained they wouldn't go fishing. Powiedział, że jeśli będzie padać, to nie pójdą na ryby.
Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych drugiego typu nie zmianiają się, jeśli opisują sytuację możliwą choć mało realną, np.:
"If they offered me a job, I would consider it," she told me. "Gdyby zaoferowali mi tę pracę, rozważyłabym to" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that if they offered her a job, she would consider it. Powiedziała mi, że gdyby zaproponawali jej pracę, rozważyłaby to.
"If my car broke down, I would take a taxi," she said. "Gdyby zepsuł się mój samochód, wzięłabym taksówkę" – powiedziała.
She said that if her car broke down, she would take a taxi. Powiedziała, że gdyby zepsuł jej się samochód, wzięłaby taksówkę.
Natomiast czasy w tych zdaniach warunkowych drugiego typu, które są sprzeczne ze stanem faktycznym, a więc niemożliwe do spełnienia, zmieniają się w mowie zależnej, np.:
He said, "If I were older, I would join the army." Powiedział: "Gdybym był starszy, poszedłbym do wojska".
He said that if he had been older he would have joined the army. Powiedział, że gdyby był starszy, poszedłby do wojska.
"If I were you, I would accept it," she told me. "Gdybym była tobą, zaakceptowałabym to" – powiedziała mi.
She told me that if she had been me she would have accepted it. Powiedziała mi, że gdyby była mną, zaakceptowałaby to.
Were to nie ulega zmianie w mowie zależnej, np.:
"If he were to win the race, I would behappy for him," she said. Gdyby wygrał wyścig, byłabym szczęśliwa" – powiedziała.
She said that she would be happy for him if he were to win the race. Powiedziała, że byłaby szczęśliwa, gdyby wygrał wyścig.
She said , "If we were to go abroad, we would go to England."
Powiedziała: "Gdybyśmy mieli pojechać zagranicę, pojechalibyśmy do Anglii".
She said that if they were to go abroad, they would go to England. Powiedziała, że gdyby mieli pojechać za granicę, pojechaliby do Anglii.
Czasy w zdaniach warunkowych trzeciego typu nie zmieniają się w mowie zależnej.
"If she had studied harder, she could have got into Oxford," he said. "Gdyby uczyła się więcej, mogłaby dostać się do Oksfordu" – powiedział.
He said that if she had studied harder, she could have got into Oxford. Powiedział, że gdyby uczyła się więcej, mogłaby dostać się do Oksfordu.
"If he hadn't broken the rules, he wouldn't have been punished," she told me. "Gdyby nie złamał zasad, nie zostałby ukarany" – powiedziała.
She told me that if he hadn't broken the rules, he wouldn't have been punished. Powiedziała mi, że gdyby nie złamał zasad, nie zostałby ukarany.
Ćwiczenia
35. Przekształć (tam gdzie jest to możliwe) następujące zdania warunkowe w mowie niezależnej na zdania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
1. "If I were you, I would demand a refund."
2. "If I had more time, I would read more."
3. "If I hadn't met him, I wouldn't have setup a business."
4. "If she apologised, I would forgive her."
5. "If he insisted, I wouldn't disagree."
6. "If she hadn't overslept, she would have been on that plane."
7. "If he had driven more carefully, he wouldn't have had the accident."
8. "If she comes, I won't tease her."
9. "If they had let us know, we would have picked them up from the airport."
10. "If she were more passionate, I would vote for her."
36. Przekształć zdania warunkowe 1–10 w mowie niezależnej na zdania w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
If I were Angelina Jolie...
1.... I would be a movie star.
2.... I would live in a mansion.
3.... I would hire twenty maids.
4.... I would be a philanthropist.
5.... I wouldn't be doing this job.
6.... I would have a handsome husband.
7.... I would do plenty of TV interviews.
8.... I would have a big collection of shoes.
9.... I wouldn't agree to strip off my clothes for love scenes.
10.... I would demand ten million dollars to star in a film.
1.12. Streszczenie
Nieraz skrupulatne przekazywanie czyjejś wypowiedzi nie jest możliwe ani konieczne. Niektóre słowa i zwroty, np. "so", "OK", "now", "how about" nie pojawiają się w mowie zależnej. Osoba przytaczająca może użyć innych słów, niż te które były w oryginalnej wypowiedzi.
"So, what brings you here?" he asked.
"A więc, co cię tu sprowadza?" - zapytał.
He asked me why I went there.
Zapytał mnie, dlaczego tam poszedłem.
"Ok. Now what?" she asked.
"Dobrze. Co teraz?" - zapytała.
She asked what she should do next.
Zapytała, co powinna następnie zrobić.
"How about going to the cinema?" he asked.
"Co powiesz na pójście do kina?" - zapytał.
He suggested going to the cinema.
Zaproponował pójście do kina.
Zdarza się, że relacjonujący ocenia i subiektywnie charakteryzuje przytaczane wypowiedzi używając wartościujących słów lub zwrotów.
"I've got a bad cold," she said.
"Jestem przeziębiona" - powiedziała.
She complained that she had a bad cold.
Narzekała, że jest przeziębiona.
"I am sorry I was so blind," he said.
"Przepraszam, że byłem taki ślepy" - powiedział.
He stammered his apology.
Wybełkotał swe przeprosiny.
Aby streścić wypowiedzi, które przytaczamy, nierzadko posługujemy się zaimkami pytającymi. W tym przypadku przekazujemy niejako w pigułce treść wypowiedzi.
"Add a pinch of salt to the garlic and crush it with the flat side of the knife," he said.
"Posyp szczyptą soli czosnek i rozgnieć go płaską częścią ostrza noża" - powiedział.
He showed me how to crush the garlic.
Pokazał mi, jak rozgnieść czosnek.
"Select the desired ringtone, then you will receive it with a text message. Click "Save" and select "Store Tone" to store it," she said.
"Wybierz dzwonek, który ci się podoba, otrzymasz go SMS-em. Kliknij "Zachowaj", później wybierz "Zapamiętaj dzwonek", aby go zapamiętać" - powiedziała.
She taught me how to download a ringtone.
Nauczyła mnie, jak ściągnąć dzwonek.
"Buy flour, eggs, a jar of honey and some cheese," she told me.
"Kup mąkę, jajka, słoik miodu i trochę sera" - powiedziała mi.
She told me what to buy.
Powiedziała mi, co mam kupić.
Także wyrażenia przyimkowe są często używane, aby streścić to, co ktoś powiedział.
Poniżej lista czasowników tworzących w połączeniu z przyimkami wyrażenia wprowadzające mowę niezależną.
Czasownik+about
argue about
ask about
complain (to someone) about
dream about/of
enquire about
remind (someone) about
speak (to/with someone) about
talk about/of
tell about
Czasownik+on
agree on
comment on
congratulate (someone) on/for
decide on
insist on
keep on
object to
Czasownik+for
admire (someone) for
apologize (to someone) for
blame (someone) for
criticise (someone) for
excuse (someone) for
forgive (someone) for
praise (someone) for
scold (someone) for
thank (someone) for
wish for
Czasownik+of
accuse (someone) of
approve of
assure (someone) of
inform (someone) of
talk about/of
Czasownik+to
admit to
confess to
consent to
explain (something) to
object to
respond to
"Tomorrow I am attending a conference on the environment and on Monday I am flying to Zürich," he told me.
"Jutro biorę udział w konferencji na temat środowiska naturalnego, a w poniedziałek lecę do Zürichu" - powiedział mi.
He told me of/about his plans for the next few days.
Powiedział mi o swoich planach na najbliższe dni.
"My dream is to become an actress," she said.
"Moim marzeniem jest zostać aktorką" - powiedziała.
She told me about her dream.
Powiedziała mi o swoim marzeniu.
"Sorry, I am late," she said. "Przepraszam za spóźnienie" - powiedziała.
She apologised for being late. Przeprosiła za spóźnienie.
"Yes, I went to the casino," he said. "Tak, poszedłem do kasyna" - powiedział.
He confessed to going to the casino. Przyznał się, że poszedł do kasyna.
"I am very grateful to you for your helpful and quick response," she said.
"Jestem ci wdzięczna za twoją pomocną i szybką odpowiedź" - powiedziała.
She thanked me for my response. Podziękowała mi za moją odpowiedź.
Ćwiczenia
37. Zreferuj poniższą wypowiedź w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
"I see little point in taking this discussion further. The rules are clear and are not about to change. I simply reminded you of that, as I am required to do as a moderator - this is not patronising. I see that Tim has already told you this, so it should have come as no surprise. If my previous remark implies that you broke the rules, then good - that is precisely what I meant."
38. Zreferuj poniższą wypowiedź w mowie zależnej.
Klucz
"The Garbage was playing in my town last weekend. It was the first time I had ever seen them live on stage. What a great show it was! I was lucky to have a fourth row ticket so I could see everything perfectly. Soon after the band appeared on the stage the crowd of 60, 000 was into things. People were just singing their lungs out. It was well worth every penny I paid for it, every minute of the drive to get there and the outrageous parking fee."
39. Streść poniższe wypowiedzi.
Klucz
a) "If you detect smoke, a strange smell or unusual noises around the printer, turn it off immediately."
The service manual says that ______________________________.
b) "To get to the city centre, go along this street to the traffic lights, then turn right into Church Street. Go straight on and then turn left at the next traffic light. The city centre will be on your right."
He told me how ______________________________.
c) "Lift the cover, put the paper face down on the glass. Select the number of copies you want to make. Then press the "Print" button."
She showed me how ______________________________.
d) "We wish you health, happiness, personal fulfillment, good fortune and success in all your future endeavors."
They wished me ______________________________.
e) "I bought a dozen eggs, milk, butter, a piece of cheese, biscuits and a bar of chocolate."
She said that ______________________________.
f) "We do not accept questions like this one where there is no attempt by the original poster to provide an answer. We require thread-starters to show their own thinking."
He said that ______________________________.
40. Streść zdania 1-10 w mowie zależnej, używając każdorazowo wytłuszczonego czasownika.
Klucz
1. "It was you who took the money!" she said.
accuse
______________________________________________.
2. "I can read 1000 words a minute," she said.
boast
______________________________________________.
3. "I can't tolerate your behaviour any more!" he said.
complain
______________________________________________.
4. "Don't forget to send Beth a birthday card," he said.
remind
______________________________________________.
5. "How is your husband?" she said.
ask
______________________________________________.
6. "I have to work at weekends," he said.
moan
______________________________________________.
7. "My grandchildren work in the financial industry," she said.
tell
______________________________________________.
8. "Yes, I cheated on you," he said.
confess
______________________________________________.
9. "You are not working hard enough!" she said.
criticise
______________________________________________.
10. "I behaved like and idiot. I am sorry," he said.
apologise
______________________________________________.
